1 Kings 4:31

Authorized King James Version

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For he was wiser than all men; than Ethan the Ezrahite, and Heman, and Chalcol, and Darda, the sons of Mahol: and his fame was in all nations round about.

Original Language Analysis

וַיֶּחְכַּם֮ For he was wiser H2449
וַיֶּחְכַּם֮ For he was wiser
Strong's: H2449
Word #: 1 of 15
to be wise (in mind, word or act)
מִכָּל H3605
מִכָּל
Strong's: H3605
Word #: 2 of 15
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
הָֽאָדָם֒ than all men H120
הָֽאָדָם֒ than all men
Strong's: H120
Word #: 3 of 15
ruddy i.e., a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
מֵֽאֵיתָ֣ן than Ethan H387
מֵֽאֵיתָ֣ן than Ethan
Strong's: H387
Word #: 4 of 15
ethan, the name of four israelites
הָֽאֶזְרָחִ֗י the Ezrahite H250
הָֽאֶזְרָחִ֗י the Ezrahite
Strong's: H250
Word #: 5 of 15
an ezrachite or descendant of zerach
וְהֵימָ֧ן and Heman H1968
וְהֵימָ֧ן and Heman
Strong's: H1968
Word #: 6 of 15
heman, the name of at least two israelites
וְכַלְכֹּ֛ל and Chalcol H3633
וְכַלְכֹּ֛ל and Chalcol
Strong's: H3633
Word #: 7 of 15
calcol, an israelite
וְדַרְדַּ֖ע and Darda H1862
וְדַרְדַּ֖ע and Darda
Strong's: H1862
Word #: 8 of 15
darda, an israelite
בְּנֵ֣י the sons H1121
בְּנֵ֣י the sons
Strong's: H1121
Word #: 9 of 15
a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or
מָח֑וֹל of Mahol H4235
מָח֑וֹל of Mahol
Strong's: H4235
Word #: 10 of 15
machol, an israelite
וַיְהִֽי H1961
וַיְהִֽי
Strong's: H1961
Word #: 11 of 15
to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
שְׁמ֥וֹ and his fame H8034
שְׁמ֥וֹ and his fame
Strong's: H8034
Word #: 12 of 15
an appellation, as a mark or memorial of individuality; by implication honor, authority, character
בְכָֽל H3605
בְכָֽל
Strong's: H3605
Word #: 13 of 15
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
הַגּוֹיִ֖ם was in all nations H1471
הַגּוֹיִ֖ם was in all nations
Strong's: H1471
Word #: 14 of 15
a foreign nation; hence, a gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts
סָבִֽיב׃ round about H5439
סָבִֽיב׃ round about
Strong's: H5439
Word #: 15 of 15
(as noun) a circle, neighbour, or environs; but chiefly (as adverb, with or without preposition) around

Analysis & Commentary

For he was wiser than all men; than Ethan the Ezrahite, and Heman, and Chalcol, and Darda, the sons of Mahol: and his fame was in all nations round about.

This verse contributes to the broader narrative of solomon's administration and prosperity, within the book's focus on Solomon's wisdom, temple building, and tragic apostasy.

The Hebrew text reveals nuances important for understanding this passage's contribution to 1 Kings' theological message about kingship, covenant, and faithfulness to Yahweh. This verse demonstrates the consequences when God's people—especially their leaders—either follow or forsake the covenant established at Sinai.

Historical Context

First Kings was written during or after the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE), reflecting on the monarchy period (10th-9th centuries BCE) to explain why the kingdoms fell. Solomon's reign (c. 970-930 BCE) represented Israel's golden age of peace and prosperity.

Ancient Near Eastern kingship ideology viewed kings as divine representatives responsible for maintaining cosmic order through right worship. Archaeological discoveries from sites like Megiddo, Hazor, and Samaria confirm the historical reliability of 1 Kings' descriptions of building projects and administrative structures.

Questions for Reflection

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